Flow Of Fluids , Manometer , Manometer types

Flow of Fluid :

flow of substances that do not permanently resist distortion .

- Fluid static ( Hydrostatics ) : deals with fluid at rest .

- Fluid Dynamic ( Hydrodynamics ) : deals with fluid in motion .

Fluid statics ( Hydrostatics ) :

- Pressure : is Force Per Unit Area .

- Shear stress : is also a force per unit area , but the difference is the direction of force .

= in the case of the pressure , the direction of the force is perpendicular to the area , while in the case of shear stress the direction of force is tangential to the area .

Pressure measurement :

- Pressure is always measured by measuring a pressure difference in terms of different in the heights of the column .

- Consider a column of liquid as shown in figure : five opening are provided to the wall of the vessel at different heights .

-  Rate of flow from these five opening is different due to difference in the pressure exerted at different heights .

Manometer :

-  manometer is a device for measuring fluid pressure  .

-  manometer operates on hydrostatic balance principle 

-  Hydrostatic Principle States that the pressure at any point in a fluid at rest is equal , and its value is just the weight of the overlaying fluid  .

Manometer Types :

(a) Simple manometers :

- Piezometer

- U-tube manometer

- Single column manometer 

i. - Vertical single column manometer .

ii. - Inclined single manometer 

(b) Differential manometer 

- U-tube differential manometer

- Inverted U-tube differential manometer